Tuesday, February 21, 2017

My Bad Theology is Saved by Grace

One of the many wonderful aspects about the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith is that I can get a whole lot wrong in my theology and still find salvation in Christ. The doctrine, briefly stated, is that we as guilty sinners bring nothing to a relationship with the Lord. We bring only our sin, past, present and future. We bring only our wrong-ness. We accept Christ’s offer of His sacrificial death by faith and His righteousness is imbued to us. Our life after--- our second life, is one of increasing obedience to Christ our Lord as the Holy Spirit works with and within our will so that we would become what we already are considered in Christ--- righteous.

What this means in practice is that though I am saved and growing in obedience, there are still lots of areas in which I suffer in ignorance or willful sin. And these don’t negate my salvation!!! In terms of theology, I am a finite man limited by my own ignorance and sin-stained inclinations. In short, I get lots of stuff wrong. None of us has our theology 100% correct because we are all limited by our sinfulness and the very distinction of being human (i.e. not God). Praise the God who saves in spite of who I am.

Now, this is no way absolves us from the responsibility we have to change our incorrect notions when confronted by truth just as we are responsible for repenting of sin as soon as we are aware of it. We cannot sit back and ignore the teachings of Scripture out of pride, laziness, or willful sin. When Scripture speaks, we must listen.  When we are made aware, we must conform.

However, in an age when social media allows us the avenue to posit any number of beliefs, it’s comforting to know (especially as I look back at my past comments) that my soul is secure in Christ not based upon what I knew and when, but rather solely upon the righteousness of Christ.


Still, I should probably temper that inclination to update my status. 

Saturday, February 11, 2017

Refugees - A Conversation

The persistent wind whipped tiny grains of sand hard against the young man’s face. He squinted and pressed his lips tightly together. Giving another passing glance to the west he stepped back from the precipice and walked closer to sheltering trees where his companion sat meticulously snacking on a package of cheddar cheese crackers. As the young man sat, the older man, who was leaning against his pack, which was, in turn, propped against a tree, funneled the last of the crumbs into his cupped palm and popped them into his mouth.

The young man fumbled with the straps of his pack but finally retrieved a three-legged stool for which he found a mostly-solid surface of rock free from the sand. He sat heavily and looked out at the vista before them. The turquoise expanse of Lake Superior spread out before them, its waves a distant rush as they met the foot of the cliff a hundred and fifty feet below. The tawny rock face of Grand Portal Point was constantly cleared by the winds coming off the lake but always a new layer of fine sand appeared, swept from the eroding cliffs and deposited like a veil over the outcropping. Thus Superior’s “Pictured Rocks” were always eroding; always evolving.
Morning cloud cover had given way to a pristine blue sky dotted with perfectly constructed white clouds begging to be identified and named.

Another pair of hikers appeared from the tree cover and made their way onto the point. They took their pictures of the majestic panorama daring themselves ever closer to the rock face.  The older man smiled as he considered that every hiker took the exact same pictures here. Unique as their experiences may be, they all took the same photos. The pair walked eastward along the shelf before rejoining the trail further on.

“Do you think,” the young man began, “if you just ran full speed and jumped you’d be able to hit the water?”

“I’m sorry?” the older companion asked as he turned to see the young man staring down at his cell phone. “Oh geez. You know you have a problem right? How do you even have a signal?”

“It comes and goes kind of sporadically.”

“To answer your question, I think you’d underestimate your jump, plummet, and smash repeatedly into the cliffs on the way down. Then those seagulls over there,” he pointed, “would feast upon your corpse. What prompted that question?”
“just current events.”

“Ah. I assume you’re referring to the ongoing discussion on immigration and refugees.”

“I really need to just stop going online. Especially on social media. It just makes me sick.”

“Yes, and also you should stop ignoring one of the most beautiful places you will likely ever see to look at your cell phone.”

“A lot of what has been going on lately in politics bothers me,” the young man began, “but as a believer, my first allegiance is to the kingdom of God. I’ve always viewed this country just as the place I happen to live. I do thank God for the opportunities that He has given me living in America but I’ve always thought that I shouldn’t identify too personally with it. There are times though, that the moral concerns I have as a Christian overlaps with what we would consider politics. This issue, this decision to suspend or reduce refugees from these countries, it just bothers me as a believer.”

“How so?”

“I just see all the commands in scripture to take care of the foreigner living among you. To care for the widows and orphans and the under-priveledged.”

“But does that necessarily apply to the actions of a government? The government isn’t the same thing as an individual Christian.”

“So you’re saying that we’re called to care for the underprivileged in our neighborhoods but you’re fine with the government keeping those people out of our neighborhoods?”

“Come on. Don’t twist what I’m saying. As New Testament, Gentile believers, we’re not bound by the Mosaic law, which, I’m assuming, is where you’re pulling a lot of the language about foreigners.”

“True, but even though were not bound by it the same way the Jews were, we still find value in it by looking at the heart of the command and searching out what that says about the Lord. I mean the whole purpose of the nation of Israel was to serve as a type of mirror so that the world might be able to understand who their God was; what kind of person He was.”

“All the same, the government is different from an individual believer.”

“I agree, in principle. If we lived under an authoritarian regime (and even though it may seem like we do now, we don’t) then I would have no expectation that the government would honor the law of God. I wouldn’t expect it to. Our country, however, was created in such a way to be moldable by the collective wills of individual people. The ‘government’ therefore is really the collective beliefs of each of us. Looking at it from that viewpoint, I cannot let myself off the hook because if I do, then others will simply shape public policy into their own image.”

“But the Lord views them differently.”

“But if that’s the case, how can believers get upset at the way the government allows abortions or gay marriage or the way it treats blacks? If we can make a blanket statement to say that ‘the government isn’t bound by moral concerns the way that an individual Christian is’ then how can we even hold the government up to any type of standard?”

“But a government is different than a person.”

“That sounds like an easy excuse to wash your hands by saying ‘well the government is doing it, not me.’ If anything, as Christians in a representative democracy, aren’t we really the ones to blame? If the government is made up of the collective will of the people and the will of the people is turning away from the Lord, isn’t it our fault for not effectively training and making disciples? Who have we to blame but ourselves?”

The young man pulled his water bottle from a pouch on his pack and took a long swig of the moderately warm liquid. He had long since developed the ability to drink water of varying qualities at lukewarm temperatures. It was the result of numerous backpacking trips.

“Sorry,” he began, “I don’t mean to get personal. It just seems to me that so much of this decision is made out of fear. Fear of terrorists. Fear of Muslims.”

“There’s a difference between making a decision about vetting potential threats and being anti-Muslim. No one is being anti-Muslim. This isn’t a religious decision.”

“I don’t know that distinction seems pretty suspect. Plus, this was made a religious decision when the President said he’d give preferential treatment to Christian refugees.”

“You don’t want to rescue Christians from oppression?”

“Of course I do, they are my brothers and sisters in Christ but I feel like it sets a really bad precedent. I mean what happens when a different President or a different administration gives preference to a different religion or decides to take away the rights of believers? What happens when some administration becomes scared of Christians? The precedent is set with the stroke of a pen.”

“I can agree with that I guess.”

“I just feel like this is going to come back to bite Christians in the butt. Not just this specific issue but the ‘help’ Christians are receiving from this administration. I just feels like so much lip service to me; blatant pandering to get our votes.”

“But if it helps us?”

“I guess. But shouldn’t we be looking out for more than simply our best interests? Isn’t that one of the main themes in the parable of the good Samaritan?”

“Parables are tricky.”

“Tricky, yes, but I think that while we often misinterpret them in looking too closely for details, we also under-apply them in not looking at them thematically. You cannot read the parable of the good Samaritan and not read into it a commentary on nationalism and preferential treatment especially considering the audience was Pharisaical Jews who considered themselves the heirs of privilege. I mean, doesn’t that sound somewhat familiar?”

“I have no objection to Jesus’ command that we should be caring for our neighbors whether they be Christians, atheists, Jews or Muslims. At the same time though, as a Christian, as a father, would you rather your children be raised in an environment conducive to the lessons you’re teaching them or one opposed to it?”

“See when you put it like that I still struggle. I want my children, should I ever have them, to really believe and put their trust in Christ. I don’t want it to be a cultural thing. I want them to know that they are actively making a choice between one thing and another thing. They’d have to do that now anyway. There’s a difference between being culturally Christian in America and being a follower of Christ. I mean they don’t have to be separate things, but most of the time they are. If, let’s say, there are more Muslims living in this country, then the only difference would be that my children would have to choose to follow Christ surrounded by Islam rather than choosing to follow Christ surrounded by secular humanism.”

“But again, this is an issue of security,” the older man began. “Are you saying you’d actively choose to raise your children in a hostile, possibly unsafe environment?”

“What is unsafe? We control so little that really it’s all in the hand of God.”

“That’s a pretty easy decision to put your nonexistent children in harm’s way to satisfy your own moral superiority.”

“First off, it’s not moral superiority; it’s treating others the way I’d like to be treated. Secondly, isn’t that what missionaries do all the time? They take their children out of their ‘safe’ homes and bring them into hostile and perhaps unsafe environments? Why do they do it? They do it because they know A) they’re not really in control of their children’s safety anyway--- God is, and B) they view the cause of preaching the gospel as more important than their own comfort and security.”

“This is different though, this is inviting disaster into our homes.”

“What are we but witnesses for Christ too? I mean is the call on our life any less than the one called to be a missionary? We’re called to witness to those around us AND those who are far away. What better way to do that than to bring the nations to us?”

“For the record, I’m not following you.”

“Look, campus ministries like Cru and Intervarsity have known and planned for years on the fact that many foreign nationals send their children to American colleges for school. These countries are the very ones that are the most hostile to missionary activity and where it’s desperately hard to be a believer. But they send their kids here. These campus ministries know that and look at this as an opportunity to minister to these children whom it would be neigh impossible to witness to in their home countries. What does this new action do for that? “

“I guess it makes it harder.”

“Absolutely. It puts barriers up to the progress of the gospel. More than that, there is the underlying narrative, correct or not, that the West (and by association, Christians) are actively opposed to Islam and really anything that doesn’t look like them. They think we hate them. Of course, we know that there are differences between being opposed to spiritual forces and the sin that goes along with it and hating people. But that’s a nuance that’s easily missed. What this course of executive action does is feed into that narrative: that Christians hate Muslims. Now, when we try and witness to our Muslim neighbors, whether that’s here in this country or a missionary across the world, we can’t start by introducing them to Christ, we’ve got to do all the back work to convince them we don’t hate them first”

“You have a point but don’t we have to do that with anyone we are trying to witness to?”

“Perhaps, but why create more barriers than are needed?”

High above, a silhouetted shape drifted in and out of the pair’s peripheral vision. It rose and fell with delicate ease upon the updrafts sweeping along the cliff bank. The bird seemed held aloft by unseen strings of a master puppeteer rather than spirited upon the wind. Both men stopped to watch the raptor, which it clearly was, as it rode upon the winds, lifting ever higher. Some gulls, stirred at the sight of the predator took to the air, cruising out over the lake to safety. They watched the bird coast effortlessly over the outcropping gazing down with its piercing eyes searching for prey. The animal seemed to hover with no indication of movement save the tilting of its streamlined head. Then, like some element-wielding phantom it rose swiftly along its zephyr-strings and disappeared up and over the canopy of leaves. The men paused in silent contemplation slowly lowering their gaze.

With trepidation the young man began again.

“Beyond the human dignity considerations,” he said quietly, almost apologetically. “One of the things that scares me the most is why these decisions seem to be being made. The pretense of a terrorist threat from refugees seems a pretty flimsy one as there hasn’t been a terrorist attack by an immigrant from one of these seven countries in thirty years.

More than any, the overwhelming defense from politicians and everyday citizens alike seems to be fear; fear of an attack. I’m not one to often claim someone has a phobia, but most of this reaction seems to be fear of Muslims rather than actual security concerns.

As believers, we’re not supposed to be living in fear of what might happen. We believe in an omnipotent and omniscient God who actively rules over this universe. We’ve been promised that He works things for the good of those who believe and even though ‘our good’ often looks a lot different than we’d think or want (and indeed what is ‘safe’) we still stand on this promise that He knows what’s best and that He will work it out in our lives.

What scares me is what can happen when people--- anybody, becomes callous enough to turn a blind eye to the suffering of others. What disturbs me the most about the holocaust, for instance, are not the Nazis--- I know that mankind is wicked; what disturbs me most were the German civilians who went about their daily affairs knowing, or at least suspecting what was going on but were so overwhelmed by fear, social pressure, and self-preservation that they allowed themselves to become indifferent. I’m afraid of them because I know how easily I can become them.
God, let me never grow indifferent to the suffering of anyone, Christian or not.”

The old man continued to look down at his boots. He bent at the waist (with considerable effort) and pulled loose an insufficient knot and retied it double. He slumped back.

“We’ve got to have grace. I suppose,” he began. “Grace with each other. I mean Scripture is expressively clear about how believers are to behave to each other. But especially in a situation where Scripture doesn’t say: “don’t do this”, we’ve got to give each other grace, knowing that each true believer is trying to love the Lord and love his neighbor as himself.”

“At the same time though,” the younger said, “we have to be willing to examine ourselves and why we are making the decisions we’re making. Just because we’re saved doesn’t me that our motivations are free from sin. The sanctification process is just that--- a process. It’s bringing every thought, action, and motivation in line with that of Christ. We can, and do, the right things for the absolutely wrong reasons and we do the wrong things for the right reasons. Both are flawed. Both fall short of the Lord. Our aim is doing the right things for the right reasons. For that we need the Holy Spirit. But because we know the fallibility of our own heart, we need to have grace for the heart of our brother.”

“Amen”

“and,” the younger added pulling himself up from his stool, “we air on the side of caution and loving others.”


He held out his hand. The older man placed his left palm on the ground which was covered in a mixture of sand and small sticks. He grasped the hand of the younger and was lifted upwards. He took a staggering step back into the tree, not dangerously but obviously winded. Shaking the dirt from his pants he wiped the sand from his palms. The younger man had already replaced the stool and was hoisting his pack onto his back. The man looked down plaintively at his own before taking hold of the top strap and raising it up. He felt the weight of the pack lessen as his companion bore up the full weight of his own pack as well as his own.  Grateful for the reprieve, the older man slipped his arms in the shoulder straps and buckled the waist. Still free of the full heft of the pack he wiggled a little to get the weight properly displaced on his hips. Only after nodding that he was ready did his young companion release the pack onto his shoulders. He felt the first steps under his feet; the shifting sand, the solid rock beneath. The trail followed the edge of the point for about a hundred feet before disappearing back into the shaded forest. Bright daylight faded into dappled shadow as he veered away from the cliff keeping always his eyes upon his brother ahead of him.

Tuesday, January 24, 2017

the tree in leaf and the solitary man

The tree in leaf
and the solitary man
stands motionless,
his face a plaintive mixture of certainty
and regret,
fingers absently folding a discarded gum wrapper.
A crow alights upon a limb
pointing its beady eyes to the grey heavens.
Warm December.

Saturday, January 21, 2017

The Swan

The Swan

Bruised wings and battered bones
Know better the efficacy of time
Nestled snugly in the shattered rushes
Shivering at the advancing autumn,
Its encroaching chill, the unrelenting
Certainty of fate--- hollow consolation.

Dull flesh resigns the night
Each breeze bringing its tempest of leaves
---a swirling, visualized symphony
Of color and shape.
Each November tear knows the bitterest truth;
Each chill sunset hides a different law
Of an earth groaning; of a world unwinding
In slow entropy.

Eyelids flutter, seeking desperate respite,
She draws in her slender neck against the chill,
Still graceful as the unfurling fronds of bracken,
Even in defeat.
Glittering sunlight fades from the surface of the water
As the pale Hunter’s moon rises to survey its shadowy domain.
Wakeful nightbirds twitter from the fringes their callous frivolities.
Trembling still,
The watchful eye,
Scanning, at last, the dark expanse,
---exhaustion trumping vigilance.
She shivers one
Or twice
And draws to close her weary eyes in sleep
Or more, perhaps to dream
Of latter days upon the wing.

Friday, December 30, 2016

Beauty in Complexity

I’ve always been able to see the beauty of creation in the natural world. To me, I am able to see the artistry of God in the things he has surrounded humans with, soaring pines, brilliant sunsets, and loons drifting over misty northern lakes. In fact, many times I see humanity as intrusion into that beauty. Litter reminds me of the sinfulness and destructive tendencies of mankind. Even my own mind is a source of ‘sin pollution’ and anxiety. In that sense, when I hike I am echoing the actions of the Desert Fathers who sought out solitude to escape the excesses and sins of humanity. In this I have often struggled to see the beauty in humanity---struggled to see past the seemingly infinite evil and depravity that we are capable of. To watch the news, or even to experience a painful relationship gives one the impression that we are creatures of infinite entropy. Oh, I know there is great mystery in the fact that we, apart from the rest of creation, were created in God’s image, that we in some unquantifiable way echo some aspects of our Creator. Artistry is often cited as one of these. Yet even knowing this, I struggle to see the beauty in skyscrapers, or medical procedures, or even great art. The purity of mankind is always sullied by moral detritus. It is as if I witness mankind’s fall over and over. Instead, our interminable fallibility gnaws at me until I turn away from the headlines or indeed my own face in the mirror.


Tonight, however I felt a tremor of that beauty. I saw for an instant that human beings are impossibly complex with thoughts, dreams, motivations, and emotions that cannot be conveyed through speech, word, or any other creative endeavor fully (think of the thoughts that pass through your own mind and all of the memories and intentions that spawn them). The beauty of humanity or a beauty of humanity is in understanding the artistry in that complexity. That is a beauty of mankind, to see the intangible complexity glimpsed through conversation, through art, and through action. It is at least equal to the most complex symphony or beautiful wilderness vista. I cannot explain every connotation of being created in the image of our Creator, but I can say that there is artistry in our bones, brushstrokes of infinite precision mapping our minds. We can never know it fully in even the most intimate of relationships but we need to be driven on by that pursuit of beauty to grasp at the exposed strands and appreciate the wonder in them. Beyond all of our transgressions and misdeeds we are woven with strands of gorgeous Divine intent. Lord help me look past the grime, in others, and in myself. Help me never give up the pursuit of beauty in others. Help me do what it takes to see it. Every intricate strand is another praise of your infinite character.

Thursday, December 22, 2016

The Life of Maltbie Babcock

Maltbie Babcock found himself drawn to nature. During the week he was often found strolling what we now call Eighteenmile Creek or enjoying the region’s panoramic view of upstate New York and, in the distance, Lake Ontario. Babcock would set out along the Niagara Escarpment and while away the hours enjoying the surroundings and relishing in the created world.

All told, Maltbie needed the time away as well. He was a vivacious young clergyman who seemed well-suited to any endeavor. Before he entered the ministry in the Presbyterian Church he excelled at schooling, graduating from Syracuse University with highest honors in 1879. He was an avid athlete and competed at high levels in both swimming and baseball. After graduating Syracuse, Babcock enrolled at Auburn Theological Seminary, where, unsurprisingly, he excelled, receiving his degree in 1882.

Maltbie Babcock’s success and personal magnetism continued into the pulpit, first in a church in Lockport, New York and later at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland. He was known to have “an unusually brilliant intellect and stirring oratorical powers that commanded admiration.” He was known to have a luminously creative mind and often produced colorful turns of phrase during his sermons. A contemporary once remarked, “Dr. Babcock loved words. He was an imitable phrase maker. Some of his epigrams will certainly live. They are so pungent and pointed. He loved to turn old phrases and texts around, and show them in fresh and surprising contrasts.” His efforts were not limited to the pulpit though, but overflowed with compassion as well, as he led a fund-raising effort to assist Jewish refugees of anti-Jewish pogroms in the 1880s. He was, in his time, a rising star.

He became so sought after in fact, that in 1900 when he felt the call to ministry to Brick Presbyterian Church in New York City, the residents of Baltimore petitioned to keep him there. An article written for The New York Times even chronicled their efforts. In the end though, Babcock moved back to New York, likely enticed as much by the work of the Kingdom as for the land to which he was born.
In the spring of 1901 he took leave of the city and accompanied some friends on a trip to the Holy Lands. No doubt he relished walking in the footsteps of his Savior and marveled at the vivid landscapes. Perhaps he left footprints on the shore of the Sea of Galilee and peered out upon the waters where Peter, briefly, obeyed the call of the Lord to step out in faith. He saw the world as if anew and likely found deep inspiration both in this beautiful world and the proximity to Biblical events.

We have no record of his thoughts on the trip for, upon leaving Palestine, he and several of his fellow travelers became ill with “Mediterranean Fever” which is now known as brucellosis, a bacterial infection that induces muscle pain, profuse and undulating fevers, and notably, depression. This proved critical for, unbeknownst to most, the gregarious and enthusiastic young man had previously battled with mental illness and in the 1880s had been hospitalized for “nervous prostration” a contemporary euphemism for depression. These struggles, coupled with the effects of this disease proved too much for the bright shining clergyman. On May 18th, 1901, Maltbie Davenport Babcock committed suicide by slitting his wrist and ingesting mercuric chloride in Naples, Italy.

As his body was returned to the land that he so frequently loved to enjoy, those who knew him could only take solace in words of comfort he had once penned to a friend: “During these days of strain and suspense I have wished I could be a little help to you. I can tell you that at least, and pray that you may have, from God and your friends and your own heart, strength enough to get through a day at a time. … You cannot understand, or explain, but you know as well as I, that back of everything is God, and God is light,--- we shall see. And God is love--- we shall be satisfied. It may be a long while, but it will be worth waiting for. Trust Him all you can--- you will be glad you did.”
The man who once walked the fields and trails to draw near to his Creator was laid to rest at Oakwood Cemetery in Syracuse, New York. His body was buried beside the trees under whose shade he had once leisurely rested.

His widow Katherine, likely peered longingly out the windows of their home as if awaiting Maltbie’s return from one of his afternoon strolls. He would return no more. She would later publish some of his writings, poetry and sermons. But these surely brought little solace to the grieving woman. Her heart still yearned for her husband to walk back in the door, stomp the mud from his boots, and embrace her warmly. He often would tell her upon setting out that he was “going out to see the Father’s world.” Now he would see it no more in the flesh. Among the works Katherine published under the title, Thoughts for Every-Day Living, was a poem entitled, “My Father’s World.” The original poem had sixteen stanzas drawn from Psalms 33 and 50 but when close friend Franklin Sheppard arranged it as a hymn in 1915, he selected only three. Sheppard, who signed the work as “S.F.L” so as to not call attention to himself, changed the name, of course, to what we know it as today: “This Is My Father’s World”.

This hymn breathes from the heart of so many  of us still today when the troubles and strains of the world weigh heavy on our hearts and we long for the beauty of the created world to ease our burden. Perhaps now we can see in our minds, the land as Babcock did: the verdant forests of northern New York, stretching off to the horizon with the sun reflecting off the sliver-blue of Lake Ontario glittering in the autumn day.

This Is My Father’s World

This is my Father’s world,
And to my listening ears
All nature sings, and round me rings
The music of the spheres.
This is my Father’s world:
I rest me in the thought
Of rocks and trees, of skies and seas;
His hand the wonders wrought.

This is my Father’s world,
The birds their carols raise,
The morning light, the lily white,
Declare their maker’s praise.
This is my Father’s world,
He shines in all that’s fair;
In the rustling grass I hear him pass;
He speaks to me everywhere.

This is my Father’s world
O let me ne’er forget
That though the wrong seems oft so strong,
God is the ruler yet.
This is my Father’s world.
The battle is not done.
Jesus who died shall be satisfied,

And earth and heav’n be one.

Saturday, December 17, 2016

Top 10 Books of All Time

I often find myself saying things like: ‘that is one of my favorite books of all time’ but I’ve never really sat down to compile such a list. This week I did so and I thought I share it. (These are in no particular order).

-          East of Eden by John Steinbeck
o   My favorite of all Steinbeck’s work. The epic scope of the novel, astounding descriptions of the California landscape, and biblical allusions are just some of the reasons that I love it. Cathy’s character is so utterly evil.

-          Cannery Row by John Steinbeck
o   On a completely different note, Cannery Row (and its sequel Sweet Thursday) is light and heart-felt, telling the episodic stories of Steinbeck’s vagabonds.

-          The Space Trilogy (specifically Perelandra) by C.S. Lewis
o   In my opinion, the Space Trilogy ranks ahead of The Chronicles of Narnia in terms of interesting spiritual allusions. The portrayal of Venus as the counter point to the fall of mankind on Earth is particularly vivid.

-          The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien
o   No one need question my love of and devotion to this story which is broader in scope, plot, and fullness than most others especially in the fantasy genre.

-          The Road by Cormac McCarthy
o   While I am primarily drawn to McCarthy’s novels due to style. The reason why The Road jumps past Blood Meridian is the surprisingly hopeful light in which the author portrays the post-apocalyptic land.

-          The Nick Adams Stories by Ernest Hemingway
o   I’ve always preferred Hemingway’s short fiction to his novels. Nick Adams is Hemingway’s most enduring and self-reflective character. The fact that many of the early stories take place in Michigan is only icing on the cake.

-          To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
o   Amazingly I only read this for the first time last year. This novel presents the reality of racial divides and sin but does so with an unapproached hopeful perspective.

-          Freedom in Simplicity by Richard Foster
o   In thinking of non-fiction works that I return to over and over, Freedom in Simplicity has been underlined more than any other. I find myself returning to it to feel again the simplicity and purity of the gospel when everything else around feels complicated and chaotic.

-          Walden by Henry David Thoreau
o   The way Thoreau manages to draw deep thoughts from simple observations in the natural world is remarkable.

-          The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury

o   As a lover of the short form fiction, Bradbury’s collection of loosely related short stories about the colonization of Mars both intrigues me and gives me hope for my own fiction.